Self-play with Execution Feedback: Improving Instruction-following Capabilities of Large Language Models

One core capability of large language models~(LLMs) is to follow natural language instructions. However, the issue of automatically constructing high-quality training data to enhance the complex instruction-following abilities of LLMs without manual annotation remains unresolved. In this paper, we introduce AutoIF, the first scalable and reliable method for automatically generating instruction-following training data. AutoIF transforms the validation of instruction-following data quality into code verification, requiring LLMs to generate instructions, the corresponding code to verify the correctness of the instruction responses, and unit test samples to cross-validate the code's correctness. Then, execution feedback-based rejection sampling can generate data for Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) training. AutoIF achieves significant improvements across three training algorithms, SFT, Offline DPO, and Online DPO, when applied to the advanced open-source LLMs, Qwen2 and LLaMA3, in self-alignment and strong-to-weak distillation settings. Using two widely-used and three challenging general instruction-following benchmarks, we demonstrate that AutoIF significantly improves LLM performance across a wide range of natural instruction constraints. Notably, AutoIF is the first to surpass 90\% accuracy in IFEval’s loose instruction accuracy, without compromising general, math and coding capabilities. Further analysis of quality, scaling, combination, and data efficiency highlights AutoIF's strong generalization and alignment potential. Our code are available at https://github.com/QwenLM/AutoIF